The 10 Most Fearsome One-Man Armies in Philippine History

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Douglas MacArthur once said: “Give me ten thousand Filipinos and I will conquer the world.”

It’s easy to see why he said that. As we’ve pointed out before, Filipinos are a warrior race, often fighting with the odds stacked against them. A glance at the different battles and wars Filipinos have fought in throughout history proves that.

Then again, with the unbelievable display of fighting prowess and near-reckless abandon by these Filipinos who were literal one-man armies, MacArthur’s request for ten thousand would be overkill.

1. Jesus Villamor.

Arguably one of the greatest Filipino pilots ever, Villamor led a squadron (read: six) of P-26 fighters against 54 Japanese enemy planes consisting of dozens of Mitsubishi Zeros over the skies of Batangas during the opening stages of the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in December 1941.

With their outdated Boeing P-26 Peashooters which were essentially training planes against the numerically and technologically superior Zeros, Villamor and his squadron nevertheless proved their worth against the raiders, downing three Zeros and one enemy bomber.

Of the four downed enemy planes, Villamor was credited with two of them and was cited twice for his bravery. He later mentioned he was so angry at the Japanese he“forgot to be scared.”

2. Narciso Ortilano.

Photo Credit: TogetherWeServed.com

Where many of us would probably falter at the sight of bayonet-wielding Japanese screaming “Banzai” at the top of their lungs, Ortilano did the exact opposite. Guarding his machine gun nest in the wee hours of the morning on January 12, 1942 in his sector of Bataan, Ortilano was suddenly greeted by gunfire and the screams of 11 heavily-armed Japanese soldiers who broke out of a nearby sugarcane field and who were quickly charging towards his position.

With his fellow machine-gunner killed by the initial hail of bullets, Ortilano alone manned his machine gun and took out four of them until it finally jammed. Undeterred, Ortilano took out his pistol and shot another five dead. However, two of the remaining Japanese managed to reach his foxhole and slice off his finger. Unfortunately for them, Ortilano succeeded in wresting one of their rifles away and with it, bayoneted and shot them to death.

After the battle, he was asked by his commanding officer what just happened. He nonchalantly responded with “11 Japanese were just trying to scare me, but we don’t have to worry about them anymore.” For his bravery, he was awarded the US Army’s Distinguished Service Cross.

3. Jose Nisperos.

Photo Credit: Philippine Scouts Heritage Society

A native of La Union, Nisperos earned his colors when as a Philippine Scout he fought off a huge number of Moro insurgents who ambushed his unit in Lapurap, Basilan on Sept. 24, 1911.

Barely able to stand due to bleeding from several stab wounds and having his left arm broken with a gunshot wound, Nisperos nevertheless kept firing his rifle with his right hand at the assailants until they finally withdrew.

For his bravery, he was awarded the US Congressional Medal of Honor—the very first Filipino to receive such an award.  General Franklin Bell personally handed him the medal in a ceremony at Luneta Park on February 5, 1913.

4. Jose Bandong Jr.

Source: www.army.mil.ph

On April 10, 1992, Bandong and his men engaged guerrillas belonging to the New People’s Army’s Chadli Molintas Command in the boundaries of Sagada and Bontoc. Initially forcing the NPA fighters to withdraw, Bandong’s 35-man unit was preparing to leave the area when one of their teams which was sent ahead to secure the route was suddenly ambushed by NPA reinforcements.

No sooner had the unit linked up again when another group of NPA fighters also showed and began firing at them. In the six-hour gunfight, Bandong was hit with a bullet to the left shoulder.  Seeing they were about to be overwhelmed, Bandong heroically ordered his men to withdraw and took it upon himself to make a last stand.

His supreme sacrifice of which he earned a posthumous Medal of Valor no doubt saved the lives of his men. Legend has it he also ordered artillery to be fired on his position to wipe out the enemy.

5. Nestor Acero.

Private First Class Nestor F. Acero 574126. Source: The Philippine Marine Corps

Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends—a fitting quote for Marine Nestor Acero.

Pitted against hundreds of Moro National Liberation Front rebels in the bloody Battle of Sibalo Hill from November 26-27, 1972, Acero refused orders to evacuate by his superiors, choosing instead to stay behind and defend his wounded comrades, especially his friend Private First Class Buaya whom he had befriended during their Basic Training days.

Serving as rearguard, Acero diverted enemy fire to his position, enabling his fellow Marines to withdraw while at the same time mowing down dozens of enemy fighters. When extraction teams were sent to recover his body after the gruelling battle, they found a lifeless Acero still cradling the neck of his friend. Surrounding his position were the bodies of almost three dozen MNLF fighters. For his heroic act, Acero was awarded a posthumous Medal of Valor.

6. Julius Javier.

Source: Defenders of the Philippine Sabah & Spratly Claims Facebook Page.

Regarded as a living legend by his peers in the Scout Rangers, Javier’s storied career saw him pulling off numerous achievements in his fight against both Moro and communist rebels in the 70s and 80s. In one engagement, he managed to singlehandedly save the lives of six Marines who were ambushed by guerrillas, carrying them off the battlefield one by one.

He was also deemed to be “unkillable” as he survived his armed encounters and at least three attempts on his life without injury, leaving  some to believe he wore an amulet that protected him from harm. However, two of Javier’s greatest accomplishments  involved him defeating the enemy without firing a single shot.

The first incident happened in the town of Real in Quezon in 1974 when he led a group of scout rangers who surprised and captured eight heavily-armed NPA guerrillas. The next happened during his stint as a Battalion Commander in Basilan in 1981 when he managed to convince an MNLF commander and his followers to surrender themselves.

7. Ramon Alcaraz.

Commodore Ramon Alcaraz. Source: Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Website

The namesake of one of our warships, Ramon Alcaraz was one of the naval heroes of World War II. Then an officer of the Offshore Patrol (the predecessor to the Philippine Navy), Alcaraz commanded the torpedo boat Q-112.

During the war, he and his men engaged nine Japanese Zeros and destroyed three of them in battle on January 17, 1942, earning him a Silver Star in the process. Earlier, he had also successfully sunk fifteen ships in the Pasig River to prevent the Japanese from using them.

After scuttling his own boat to avoid their use by the enemy, Alcaraz was apprehended and incarcerated for a while at a POW camp in Malolos. After being set freed, he subsequently joined a guerrilla unit, becoming its regimental commander.

8. Jose Ignacio Paua.

Source: Presidential Museum and Library Flickr Page

We’ve already discussed how Paua was the only full-blooded Chinese who fought as a general on the side of the Filipino revolutionaries in their struggle against the Spanish and later the Americans. We didn’t mention that aside from being a noted blacksmith and untiring fund-seeker for his compatriots, Paua was also a badass martial artist who used his skills in actual combat.

In his baptism of fire at the Battle of Binakayan on November 10, 1896, he personally led a few dozen bolomen in repelling wave after wave of Spanish bayonet charges, fighting the enemy in fierce hand-to-hand combat. Needless to say, the sword-swinging Paua fought “like a wildcat” and successfully prevented the Spanish from overrunning the Filipinos’ left flank.

For his uncommon valor, he was promoted from lieutenant to captain two days later. Of course, Paua continued to personally compete in battles in Imus, Dasmariñas, and Zapote, earning a reputation as fierce and courageous soldier until he became a full-fledged general. He also participated in the Philippine-American War and was noted as one of the bravest generals the Americans ever faced, aside from Antonio Luna.

9. Rodelio Caballes.

Okay, maybe he wasn’t a one-man army mainly because he had his wife to back him up; but still, what Caballes did was extraordinary. A police officer in San Rafael, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur, Caballes found himself the lone combatant against 30 NPA rebels in the wee hours of the morning on October 26, 1992.

Waking up to the sound of gunfire, Caballes saw his neighbor’s house being peppered with bullets by the rebels and decided to help out. He initially rushed outside with his M-16 but was forced back to his house after the rebels directed their fire at him. Nevertheless,he turned his home into a virtual fortress, shooting at the rebels while expertly evading their gunfire and with his wife serving as his ammunition re-loader.

When the smoke finally cleared, 11 dead rebels laid dead on the ground. For his bravery, Caballes was later promoted and cited for his courageous act.

10. Romualdo Rubi.

Corporal Romualdo C. Rubi 713103 PA. Source: Philippine Army Website

A Medal of Valor awardee, Army man Romualdo Rubi proved his mettle in battle when he single-handedly fought off a hundred NPA fighters under Commander Lima during an intense two-hour gunfight on March 15, 1991.

All alone inside his detachment in Claver, Surigao del Norte, Rubi killed three rebel fighters before withdrawing to Hayanggabon wharf and establishing a defensive position. There he killed three and wounded five more rebels.

Enraged at the failure of his men, Commander Lima personally led the next wave in a bid to overrun Rubi’s position. Unfortunately for him, Rubi—an expert marksman—managed to hit and kill him and another rebel with well-placed shots. Afterwards, the indomitable soldier successfully evaded rebel reinforcements and reached the relative safety of a nearby Philippine Constabulary detachment.

About the Author: When he isn’t deploring the sad state of Philippine politics, Marc V. likes to skulk around the Internet for new bits of information which he can weave into a somewhat-average list you might still enjoy. For comments on this article, contact him at:vaflormarcus@yahoo.com

8 Famous Filipino Events You Didn’t Know Influenced The World

Mankind’s history can be likened to a pond, wherein one event—even if it is a tiny ripple—has the potential to make itself felt in a wide area. That’s just how history works—events influencing other events.

As for the Philippines, it may come as a surprise to some how a geographically small country could influence events on a global scale. However, the reality is that the Philippines has had its fair share of events significant enough to influence the world in a big way.

8. The Philippine Senate’s Rejection Of The US Bases Emboldened China.

The Naval Station Subic Bay pier area, 1981. Via Wikipedia.

In retrospect, a lone vote did end up influencing China’s naval incursions in the disputed islands of the West Philippine Sea—and by that we meant the Philippine Senate’s 12-11 rejection against the treaty that would have extended the lease of the naval base in Subic to the US.

The closure of the largest US military base outside of the US and the departure of its Navy had a direct profound effect on China. In the absence of a counter-weight and because its naval forces began favoring the doctrine of “near-seas” rather than “near-coast” defense in the 1980s, China became bolder in the open seas.

It was only a matter of time then that the Chinese would slowly but surely mark the disputed islands as their own territory, beginning with Mischief Reef which they seized from the Philippines in 1995—an annexation many analysts agreed would have been impossible with the presence of the US Navy in Subic.

7. The Philippine-American War Helped Stifle American Imperialism.

While counter-intuitive at first, the Philippine-American War which ended in American victory really did dissuade the Americans from expanding further across Asia.

The general bloodiness of the war (the US suffered fewer casualties when it fought against Spain) and the economic costs had left the Americans exhausted. Imperialist designs effectively waned after the war, with even its most ardent of supporters admitting the US was not cut out for colony-building.

Where many once viewed the Philippines as a vital outpost to the rest of Asia’s riches, it was now seen as a huge liability. For one, US President Theodore Roosevelt—a big supporter of imperialism—admitted in 1906 that the Philippines had become America’s Achilles’ heel especially in the light of growing Japanese aggression. Such thinking inevitably contributed to the US’ isolationist policy in the 1930’s and its seeming half-hearted defense build-up of the country prior to World War II.

6. The Philippine Revolution Influenced Nationalist Movements Of Other Asian Countries.

Insurgent soldiers in the Philippines 1899. Via Wikipedia.

As the first truly national fight for freedom against a foreign power, the Philippine Revolution did much to influence the nationalist movements of other Asian countries especially those of China, Indonesia and Malaysia.

Chinese nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen saw the significance of the Filipino struggle and sought to support the revolutionaries with weapons when he was still exiled in Japan and became acquainted with Mariano Ponce. He believed that by supporting them in their victory, the Filipinos would also support the Chinese nationalists’ fight against the hated Manchus.

In Indonesia and Malaysia, both Rizal and Bonifacio were hailed as brilliant nationalists. Tan Malaka, a national hero of Indonesia, cited Bonifacio as one of Asia’s first heroes to have come from the proletariat. Rizal, on the other hand, have been frequently mentioned and praised by Indonesian and Malaysian leaders such as Anwar Ibrahim and Sukarno.

5. The Fall Of The Philippines In World War II Saved The Rest Of Asia And Australia.

The Tribune’s headlines signal the completion of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Photo credit: World War II Database (ww2db.com)

Although the surrender of the Filipino-American forces to the Japanese in Bataan meant subjugation for the Filipinos for three long years, the “defeat” did have an important effect: it delayed Japan’s timetable for conquest and ultimately saved Australia.

While they had a relatively easy time conquering other places such as Singapore and Hong Kong, the Japanese—by a combination of hubris and underestimation—found themselves bogged down for six months in the Philippines against the stubborn defense put up by the USAFFE forces especially in Bataan. In fact, Masaharu Homma estimated that the Japanese would only need 50 days to conquer the entire archipelago; in Bataan alone, they fought against the defenders for three months.

Ultimately, the valiant last stand of the Filipinos and Americans cost the Japanese dearly in terms of time, resources and manpower, allowing Australia and the US time to build up their own forces. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill would even laud the defenders in the Philippines for essentially stopping the erstwhile fast-conquering Japanese war machine.

4. The EDSA Revolution Paved The Way For Other Nonviolent Revolutions.

An iconic photo of the EDSA Revolution in the Philippines in February 1986 showing hundreds of thousands of people filling up Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA). The view is looking northbound towards the Boni Serrano Avenue-EDSA intersection. Via Wikipedia.

Aside from ousting the Marcos dictatorship, one great impact of the first EDSA Revolution was the impression it left on other countries reeling under authoritarian rule at the time. More explicitly, the general peacefulness which accompanied the ouster of an unpopular regime shocked the rest of the world accustomed to associating regime changes with violent revolutions. In the end, the successful non-violent “Yellow Revolution” sparked off other incidents of peaceful (and not-so-peaceful) revolutions across the world.

European countries under Communist rule such as Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Baltic states launched their own uprisings. In the neighboring Asian countries of Taiwan and South Korea, popular protests led to greater democratic reforms. In Latin America, regimes belonging to such dictators as Augusto Pinochet crumbled. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela and his associates fought to end apartheid. Basically, the EDSA Revolution turned out to be the starting point of revolutions across the world in the 80’s and 90’s.

3. The Moro Rebellion Led To The Development Of The .45 ACP Handgun.

Colt .45 DA Model 1909. Photo courtesy of www.OldGuns.net

Contrary to popular belief, the Colt M1911 .45 caliber semi-automatic pistol was not used during the Moro Rebellion—it was merely developed afterwards.

Nonetheless, for the US military to develop a sidearm which would later become standard issue stands as a testament to the fighting prowess of the Moro. Specifically, US servicemen fighting in the Moro Rebellion were shocked that their .38 revolvers and even Krag rifles could not stop a rampaging juramentado dead in his tracks, allowing the latter to charge in and swing away at the hapless Americans with his knife.

To counter the near-invulnerability of a Moro gone amok, the US Army had to issue .45 caliber revolvers and Winchester pump-action shotguns to its servicemen and their Filipino counterparts. Sure enough, the larger caliber proved effective in stopping a chargingjuramentado.

The Colt .45 pistol, although chosen to be the official sidearm for US forces, would not be produced until 1912 and issued to military personnel until mid-1913—at which point the Moro Rebellion had drawn to a close.

2. Rizal’s execution killed the Spanish Prime Minister.

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Via Wikipedia.

Aside from helping to ignite the Philippine Revolution, Jose Rizal’s execution also played a role in the death of the Spanish Prime Minister.

On August 8, 1897, an Italian anarchist named Michele Angine Golli shot at point-blank range Spanish Premier Antonio Canovas del Castillo outside a spa. After being interrogated, Golli said he killed Canovas to avenge his fellow anarchists who had been imprisoned and executed in the castle of Montjuich, Barcelona. He also dedicated his act as retribution for the death of “Don Jose Rizal” and expressed regret for his failure to kill Camilo de Polavieja, the Spanish Governor General under whom Rizal was executed.

As to how Rizal became involved with the anarchists, he may have formed a connection with them during his brief imprisonment at the very same castle.

1. The Eruption Of Mt. Pinatubo Changed The Earth’s Climate.

Mt. Pinatubo eruption, 1991. Photo Credit: Alberto Garcia.

Considering it was the second largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century (only the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in the Alaskan peninsula was bigger), the after-effects of Mt. Pinatubo were felt world-wide. Particularly, the huge amount of aerosols (the most since Krakatoa in 1883) it released into the earth’s stratosphere affected the world’s climate in a number of ways.

Ozone levels decreased substantially due to the 20 million tons of sulphur dioxide Mt. Pinatubo spewed out. Sunrises and sunsets became brighter due to the fine ash and gases in the air. More significantly, temperature levels around the world dropped at an average of 1.5 degree Celsius between 1992 and 1993 due to the increased amount of sunlight which was reflected back to space by the sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere.